The School As A Whole - 1814 Words

Overall it was determined that the school as a whole, was a failure, not due to the policies implemented by Maxwell, but rather due to the insurmountable challenges of overcrowding. Many schools held double sessions and a single classroom with one teacher often held 60 and occasionally up to 150 children. Students were forced to sit three to a seat and some students, usually immigrants were turned away. How well immigrants did in these schools depended on the importance placed on education by their parents. Jewish parents valued education highly and their children often thrived in the schools. Other schools, such as Italians, resented the fact that the schools tried to strip the children of their culture in their students often floundered. One Italian boy, Leonard Cavello, stated, â€Å"We soon got the idea that ‘Italian’ meant something inferior, and a barrier was erected between children of Italian origin and their parents. This was the accepted process of Americaniza tion. We were becoming Americans by learning to be ashamed of our parents.† The schools were improved by Maxwell, but some challenges were undefeatable causing the schools to fail. During the nineteenth and early twentieth century there was no set way of how to teach an English language learner. Some schools practiced bilingual education. Other schools placed immigrant children in the English language learner program and hoped they would learn. Other schools had segregated schools specifically for the immigrantsShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of The Whole School Behaviour Policy968 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing the introduction of the whole school behaviour policy, it was also made compulsory for schools to include a system of rewards and sanctions (Elton, 1989, Steer, 2005; DFE, 2014; Payne, 2015). Within school X it was found that this system was based on the behaviourist principles of Skinners (1974) theory. The use of rewards and sanctions in school X consisted of positively reinforcing desirable behaviours and correcting negative behaviour through sanctions. The behavioural theory underlinesRead MoreWhat s The Whole Point Of School Uniforms?801 Words   |  4 PagesWhat’s the whole point of school uniforms? Do we really need to spend billions of dollars on them? Let’s express our style with the clothes and the colors we wear by getting rid of school uniforms! School uniforms make the school plain and we need to express our own style, make it colorful! School uniforms don’t change the way people act, and you can still bully others. Proponents say that school uniforms are an advantage on how to judge an intruder, but opponents say that school uniforms are a disadvantageRead MoreUnderstanding Of Fidelity Research As A Comprehensive Approach On The Whole School Whole Child ( Wswc ) Model And8040 Words   |  33 PagesPurpose The primary purpose for this document is to establish a shared foundational understanding of fidelity research as it pertains to the Whole School Whole Child (WSWC) model and create shared language for related concepts. Overview City Year has established the importance of fidelity, or program integrity, by including it in the FY12 Highest Priority Goals (HPG #1d). Fidelity has many nuances for a program being implemented in so many locations by so many providers with variable local conditionsRead MoreMy Life Of The Elementary School I Went Up A Whole New World849 Words   |  4 PagesAll throughout my life, I have had an interesting relationship with writing. As a child, my interests were more focused on reading than writing. In elementary school I fell in love with books. Initially I read simple children’s books, much like everybody else in my class, but it did not take long for my passion to drive me to read more difficult writings. Fiction books quickly became a replacement for any childhood toys. Instead of blocks or stuffed animals I would ask my parents for books. SinceRead MoreMiddle School Is My Home Away From Home For Three Whole Years1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe thought of leaving a known environment to walking into something completely new and different is overwhelming. Middle school was my home away from home for three whole years. Like many other incoming freshman students, I believe that a big fear is getting separated from the friends you grew up with. Yet, I understand that you meet new people and create more memories together which calms me down a bit. Another big fear/concern is being able to get to one class t o another quickly in order to arriveRead MoreThe National School Lunch Program Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesNational School Lunch Program began after the great depression. The government began to send farm commodities to schools in hopes of helping malnourished children. The National School Lunch Program provides nutrition to children across the United States. There are strict guidelines that school districts must follow to be eligible to participate in the National School Lunch Program funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. What is wrong with school lunches? The monies received by school districtsRead MorePolices Affecting Student s Selection784 Words   |  4 Pages a food-based menu planning (FBMP), new procedures established for menu planning for Age/grade group categories. During implementation half of grains has to be whole grain-rich; two-year post implementation all grains has to be whole grain-rich (Public Law 113-179, 2011). The requirements for fruits at breakfast under 7CFR 220 schools must offer 1 cup of fruit daily and 5 cups of fruit weekly. Vegetables may be substituted for fruits, but the first two cups per week of any such substitution mustRead MoreThe Problem of Childhood Obesity638 Words   |  3 Pageschoices and to get moving. The British chef Jamie Oliver has created a website with a specific focus on improving school lunches. Olivers declared food revolution is designed to bring healthy food to schools and transform the way that America eats. His website provides suggestions for healthy, kid-friendly meals as well as information about the nutritional problems with school cafeteria food. Chef Alice Waters Edible Schoolyard Project details how to integrate community gardening and nutritionalRead MoreBenefits of Using the Phonics Method to Teach Children to Read1698 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion illiterate children and give them a chance to have a better life is by integrating a method to teach them how to read better. There are numerous ways to teach a child how to read. Yet most of the methods can be divided in two groups; the whole-language approach or phonics. There has been and still is a major debate about which method is best. The method that is the best strategy to teach children ages six-ten to read is phonics. Phonics teaches people to read by linking sounds with lettersRead MoreWhat The Therapeutic School Is And How It Came979 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Therapeutic School John Rice talks about what the therapeutic school is and how it came to be. In his article Rive talks about how there are four underlying course assumptions of therapeutic ethic. The first assumption is that â€Å"human nature is intrinsically benevolent, positive, and constructive.† By saying this Rice means that human nature is naturally good and positive. The second assumption that is made is that â€Å"cultural and societal repression of the self is the cause of virtually all

Modern Anti Cruelty Laws For The United States - 1647 Words

The rights of animals have been battled over for generations. Humans began t o domesticate animals such as dogs, goats, chickens, sheep, and beasts of burden between 10,000 and 18,000 years ago. Many people originally believed that because animals had no souls they also felt no pain; however, this belief changed as the study of animals increased. The first animal-protection law in western civilization was adopted in 1641; making it illegal to â€Å"exercise any Tirranny or Crueltie towards any bruite Creature which are usuallie kept for man’s use.† (7) In 1789, the English philosopher, Jeremy Bentham, was the first to state that animals have rights. This concept was different from the belief that animals felt pain, in his claims animals deserved basic human rights. This new theory shook the foundation of many peoples belief in what animal rights truly is. In 1821, Maine became the first state to adopt modern anti-cruelty laws for the U.S.; every other state eventually passed similar legislation. It still wasn’t until the 21st century that lawsuits in the interest of animals became common. The animal rights movement has become most active in the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Animal rights organizations have been using court systems to protect animals from being used in harmful activities, such as the agricultural industry and as being research subjects, in the belief that they have the same basic rights as all humans. Animals have been usedShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing (Speech Outline)1200 Words   |  5 Pagesuntil half the test subjects died. brb. This example to me personally represents the epitome of cruelty by modern science toward animals. br br(Transition: Now that I have explained the cruel injustices of animals in the past, let us now look at how these problems are solved today.) br brII. One of the ways animals are now protected is through laws and organizations. br1. One such important law that was signed in 1966 was the Animal Welfare Act that regulates the treatment of animals in researchRead MorePolicy Identification And Explanation Of The Ag Gag Law1411 Words   |  6 PagesPolicy Identification and Explanation The policy I am researching is the Ag Gag law which was enacted in Idaho in 2014. Idaho code 18-7042 â€Å"INTERFERENCE WITH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION† states that a person commits the crime of interference with agricultural production if the person knowingly: is not employed by an agricultural production facility and enters an agricultural production facility, obtains records of an agricultural production facility, or obtains employment by force, threat, misrepresentationRead MoreAnimal Cruelty And Animal Abuse879 Words   |  4 Pages Animal Abuse is when someone hurts an animal or does not care for the animal responsibly. It’s against the law to hard or be cruel to animals. It’s also called animal cruelty. The topic is going to be over is animal abuse. There’s a lot of people against animal abuse. A lot of researchers try to find a way to stop animal abuse. The FBI is conducting an investigation to find out a way to serve justice to those that abuse animals. Animal abuse has been going on for a very long time now and it needRead MoreThe Fight Against Animal Testing1456 Words   |  6 Pagesthat has been around for thousands of years. Early Green philosophers such as Aristotle and Erasistratus performed experiments on animals as early as 384 BC (Hajar). Though the way animals are used in experimentation has varied over the years, the modern definition of animal is an experiment that deliberately harms a live animal (â€Å"What Is Animal Testing?†). Animals have been used for the purpos e of biomedical research and to understand anatomy all throughout history. Nowadays, some of the uses ofRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Animal Welfare Movement Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesBritain with the passage stating an act in 1835 to consolidate and amend the several laws relating to the cruelty and improper treatment of animals. In 1911 the Parliament passed the â€Å"Protection of Animals Act, and it is still enforced currently. This policy was established while permitting humans to use animals as test subjects, but making animals suffer in this way is unnecessary (Guither, 1998). In the United States alone it is estimated that over twenty-six million animals are used for testing.Read More Animal Testing (speech Outline) Essay989 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This example to me personally represents the epitome of cruelty by modern science toward animals. (Transition: Now that I have explained the cruel injustices of animals in the past, let us now look at how these problems are solved today.) II.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the ways animals are now protected is through laws and organizations. 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One such important law that was signed in 1966 was the Animal Welfare Act that regulates the treatmentRead MoreThe Debate On Animal Rights910 Words   |  4 Pagescreated in the image of God. The Greek philosopher Aristotle based his opinions on the idea that animals did not have the ability to reason and so they were below humans (Taylor, 2009). Rene Descartes, a French philosopher who is known as the father of modern philosophy, had a tremendous influence on the animal rights debate and his opinions are still being quoted today in papers and books on the subject. Descartes believed that man was linked to God through his mind which was separate from the physicalRead MoreAn American Ideal Of Equality Is Not An America At All.1501 Words   |  7 Pages An America without equality is not an America at all. The common American citizen would say that the definition of equality is; Equal rights among all people. Equality is also defined as the state or quality of being equal; correspondence in quantity, degree, value, rank, or ability. A historical example that demonstrates the American ideal of equality is the court case Plessy Vs. Ferguson (1896). Plessy was arrested for riding in a white-only seat for being an African-American citizen riding inRead MoreModern Day Genocide1278 Words   |  5 PagesModern Day Genocide Humiliated, beaten, and neglected; an entire group of people are constantly under abuse. They must hide from their own government in fear of death. The citizens expose their neighbors in order to create a more perfect country. No documentation exists that outlaws the violence towards these people. Their leaders do not want to recognize that they have any existence. All of this is happening while surrounding countries sit idle and wait for a resolution to happen. When hearingRead MoreThe Jim Crow Laws Enhanced The Institution Of Racism1034 Words   |  5 PagesThe Jim Crow Laws enhanced the institution of racism in The United States. Reconstruction was meant to rebuild the South from the destructive Civil War and help integrate African American’s into the southern lifestyle. Instead, the Jim Crow Laws segregated colored people from white people and encouraged the discrimination of colored people. Subject to the pervasive reign of terror by the Klu Klux Klan, stripped of their political and civil rights by white state legislatures and white judiciaries

Humman Cloning Free Essays

string(404) " begin with the arguments in support of permitting human cloning, although with no implication that it is the stronger or weaker position \* The possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep â€Å"Dolly† \(Nature  385,  810-13, 1997\), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications\." * INTRODUCTION: The world of science and the public at large were both shocked and fascinated by the announcement in the journal Nature by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues that they had successfully cloned a sheep from a single cell of an adult sheep (Wilmut 1997). Scientists were in part surprised, because many had believed that after the very early stage of embryo development at which differentiation of cell function begins to take place, it would not be possible to achieve cloning of an adult mammal by nuclear transfer. In this process, the nucleus from the cell of an adult mammal is inserted into an ennucleated ovum, and the resulting embryo develops following the complete genetic code of the mammal from which the inserted nucleus was obtained. We will write a custom essay sample on Humman Cloning or any similar topic only for you Order Now But some scientists and much of the public were troubled or apparently even horrified at the prospect that if adult mammals such as sheep could be cloned, then cloning of adult humans by the sameprocess would likely be possible as well. Of course, the process is far from perfected even with sheep— it took 276 failures by Wilmut and his colleagues to produce Dolly, their one success. Whether the process can be successfully replicated in other mammals, much less in humans, is not now known. But those who were horrified at the prospect of human cloning were not assuaged by the fact that the science with humans is not yet there, for it looked to them now perilously close. The response of most scientific and political leaders to the prospect of human cloning, indeed of Dr. Wilmut as well, was of immediate and strong condemnation. In the United States, President Clinton immediately banned federal financing of human cloning research and asked privately funded scientists to halt such work until the newly formed National Bioethics Advisory Commission could review the â€Å"troubling† ethical and legal implications. The Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized human cloning as â€Å"ethically unacceptable as it would violate some of the basic principles which govern medically assisted reproduction. These include respect for the dignity of the human being and the protection of the security of human genetic material† (WHO 1997). Around the world similar immediate condemnation was heard, as human cloning was called a violation of human rights and human dignity. Even before Wilmut’s announcement, human cloning had been made illegal in nearly all countries in Europe and had been condemned by the Council of Europe (Council of Europe 1986). A few more cautious voices were heard, both suggesting some possible benefits from the use of human cloning in limited circumstances and questioning its too quick prohibition, but they were a clear minority. In the popular media, nightmare scenarios of laboratory mistakes resulting in monsters, the cloning of armies of Hitlers, the exploitative use of cloning for totalitarian ends as in Huxley’s Brave New World, and the murderous replicas of the film Blade Runner, all fed the public controversy and uneasiness. A striking feature of these early responses was that their strength and intensity seemed to far outrun the arguments and reasons offered in support of them— they seemed often to be â€Å"gut level† emotional reactions rather than considered reflections on the issues. Such reactions should not be simply dismissed, both because they may point us to important considerations otherwise missed and not easily articulated, and because they often have a major impact on public policy. But the formation of public policy should not ignore the moral reasons and arguments that bear on the practice of human cloning— these must be articulated inE-4 order to understand and inform people’s more immediate emotional responses. This paper is an effort to articulate, and to evaluate critically, the main moral considerations and arguments for and against human cloning. Though many people’s religious beliefs inform their views on human cloning, and it is often difficult to separate religious from secular positions, I shall restrict myself to arguments and reasons that can be given a clear secular formulation and will ignore explicitly religious positions and arguments pro or con. I shall also be concerned principally with cloning by nuclear transfer, which permits cloning of an adult, not cloning by embryo splitting, although some of the issues apply to both (Cohen and Tomkin 1994). I begin by noting that on each side of the issue there are two distinct kinds of moral arguments brought forward. On the one hand, some opponents claim that human cloning would violate fundamental moral or human rights, while some proponents argue that its prohibition would violate such rights. On the other hand, both opponents and proponents also cite the likely harms and benefits, both to individuals and to society, of the practice. While moral and even human rights need not be understood as bsolute, that is, as morally requiring people to respect them no matter how great the costs or bad consequences of doing so, they do place moralrestrictions on permissible actions that appeal to a mere balance of benefits over harms. For example, the rights of human subjects in research must be respected even if the result is that some potentially beneficial research is made more difficult or cannot be done, and the right of free expression prohibits the silencing of unpopular or even abhorrent views; in Ronald Dworkin’s striking formulation, rights trump utility (Dworkin 1978). I shall take up both the moral rights implicated in human cloning, as well as its more likely significant benefits and harms, because none of the rights as applied to human cloning is sufficiently uncontroversial and strong to settle decisively the morality of the practice one way or the other. But because of their strong moral force, the assessment of the moral rights putatively at stake is especially important. A further complexity here is that it is sometimes controversial whether a particular consideration is merely a matter of benefits and harms, or is instead a matter of moral or human rights. I shall begin with the arguments in support of permitting human cloning, although with no implication that it is the stronger or weaker position * The possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep â€Å"Dolly† (Nature  385,  810-13, 1997), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. You read "Humman Cloning" in category "Essay examples" The feat, cited by  Science  magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of â€Å"cloning† –an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. Historical Background: The history of human cloning human cloning is undoubtedly one of the most fascinating chapters of our lives. Essential question to be discussed to understand the ramifications of human cloning is when human life begins? C. Ward Kischer, a fa mous American embryologists, wrote in a recent article: â€Å"Since 1973 when Roe vs. Wade was won there were many socio-legal issues related to human embryo. Abortion, fertilization in vitro research on human embryos, research on stem cells, cloning and genetic engineering are substantive issues of human embryology†. The answer is clear embryology that life begins at fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) or if the SCNT cloning, implantation and activation when the donor somatic cell nucleus into an egg recipient (asexual reproduction). (6) Although non-mammalian cloning was achieved in 1952, mankind had to wait another 44 years until he was finally cloned the first mammal. The first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep was born on July 5, 1996. In this fascinating history of cloning, there has been a major setback in 2003 when Dolly died at the age of 6 years. Death of the first cloned mammal, was followed by a lively debate related issues / ethical aspects of cloning, debate that continues today. Besides the successful attempts to clone the different species of animals, XX century was marked by several important moments in the development of the genealogy. Deciphering the success of DNA code in 1968 came as an enormous progress around much desired human clone. With nearly 20 years later, by 1988 the human genome, that genome Homosapiens stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes has been released. As things were headed becoming better by the appearance of a human clone, a major problem has become â€Å"human cloning prohibition act† in 2009, which has labeled as cloning illegal, immoral, not unethical activity. Since 2009, human cloning is illegal in 23 countries. So far, experiments were undertaken with five species of animals and the high rate of failure has given rise to many questions about human cloning success. Only 1% of animal cloning made so far have had a positive result, but most of them have suffered serious disorders. The conclusion of experts is that the current level of technology, human cloning is very dangerous. I discussed two types of human cloning: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning involves cloning cells from an adult for medicinal use and is an active research area, while reproductive cloning would involve the creation of human clones. Therapeutic cloning could provide unique ways to cure diseases until now considered incurable: diabetes, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, heart disease. (1) The third type of cloning called replacement cloning is a possibility in theory and would be a combination of therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Higher probability of achieving a therapeutic cloning is more accessible in terms of technique, but also less morally problematic. * Statement Of The Problem: * What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning * How can cloning technologies be used? * What Animal Haved Been Cloned ? * Can organs be cloned for use in transplants? * What are the risks of cloning? * Should humans be cloned? * How Human Cloning Will Work Cause And Effect: Ethics Ethical issues of human cloning have become an important issue in recent years. Many ethical arguments against human cloning are based on misconceptions. Many people think that these clones will have the same characteristics / personalities as the person cloned. Although clone and cloned individual have the same genes, traits and personalities are different. People think that a clone is physically identical to the donor and her behavior, but this is not true because although there is a physical identity, living environment shapes an individual’s ongoing behavior and psychology. Many people believe that cloning will lead to loss of individuality eventually, but people have their own personality cloned which personality is similar to those in which they were created. Lawrence Nelson, associate professor of philosophy at UCS, said that embryos can be used for research if: – the purpose of research can not be achieved by other methods;   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the embryos have reached more than 14-18 days of development;   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ those who use forbid you to consider or treat as personal property. One of the most serious problems of cloning of human embryos for therapeutic purposes, is that with harvesting stem cells, the embryo is formed by cloning practical killed. We can not reduce the existence of a human embryo to â€Å"a cell† as long as after both science and teaching of the Church, the human embryo is a carrier of life. 8) For a few years, the legalization of human cloning is in the center of global debate, which was also attended not only scientists but also politicians, philosophers, theologians, psychologists. For example, American Association of Pro Life Obstetricians and Gynecologists (AAPLOG) has spoken out against cloning, drawi ng attention that some business people might think of trading a human life. (4) What is harder is that it could reach the reproduction of living people without them knowing, to be involved in this process or to give consent. Questions appeared on the social status of any clone. What will be their status in society? In the U. S. House of Representatives issued a ruling that human cloning is illegal, but the Senate has yet to rule on the matter. The opinions are still leaning toward accepting only therapeutic cloning. Legalization of therapeutic cloning has been proposed as the only way to investigate, the chances of success, the basic criterion for funding such programs as the primary objective should be finding cures for incurable diseases. A coalition of states, including Spain, Italy, Philippines, USA, Costa Rica and the â€Å"Holy Land† have tried to expand the debate on all forms of human cloning, noting that in their view, therapeutic cloning violates human dignity. Costa Rica proposed the adoption of an international convention to combat any form of cloning. Australia has banned human cloning in December 2006, but therapeutic cloning is now legal in some parts of Australia. European Union – European Convention on Human Rights prohibits human cloning in an additional protocol, but the protocol has been ratified only by Greece, Spain and Portugal. England – The British government introduced legislation to allow therapeutic cloning in a debate on January 14, 2001. Hope that parliament will pass the law was prohibitive. Roman Catholic Church under Pope Benedict XVI has condemned the practice of human cloning, saying it represents â€Å"a grave offense against human dignity and equality among the people. † Human cloning is prohibited in Islam at the Tenth Conference in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia has decided on June 28, 1997-July 3, 1997 as the beginning of human cloning is â€Å"haraam† (forbidden by the faith-sin). Jesse Rainbow explain why there is an aversion to human cloning – a clone would not be a â€Å"real person† – cloning is â€Å"playing the God† – cloning is not â€Å"natural† mention in closing some of the conditions proposed in a provisional list yet, so research on therapeutic human cloning (reproductive one is illegal) to proceed lawfully: it is necessary for embryos to be used only in the early stages of their development, without being allowed to grow further, all programs research must be supervised by government organizations dealing with fertilization and genetic techniques, various research programs will receive funding and approval only if it is scientifically demonstrated that there is no other way of obtaining the same results conventional, will not be permitted to research on human genetic material can be combined with that of animals, there must be a permanent state of public information on research undertaken and to be postula ted that the limitations may be required to report the experiences and suffering of animals used for human benefit. (5) How to cite Humman Cloning, Essay examples

Funding of US Biomedical Research

Question: Discuss the contrast and compare the health care system of two different countries? Answer: Introdcution The variations present in the UK and US healthcare system are greatly depending upon the financial strength and political culture of individual country. The popularity of health care delivery system and financing is not only due to the worldwide necessity for healthcare, but also because of different style of care delivery systems and funding around the globe. Health care is considered as a popular topic for current and future generations, based on social and political culture. It is frequently seen that access to health care services is highlighted on news and other television programs, political promises and social group discussions. This implies that the people of the United States are coming nearer to insisting better reach to healthcare services (McCarthy, 2014). A general misconception is present among the American public that is the United Kingdom offers free health care services. In general speaking, the national health care services offer care services primarily based on the citizen taxation. The Americans consider augmented governmental involvements in the health care set up; hence, it is necessary to understand how this can be accomplished and its effect on the societies. According to Gass and Bezold (2013) information access, service quality and funding costs are the main components of health care system. The World Health Organization has stated that each and every individual should obtain care services without any economical constraint. According to the global health care service report, the UK makes the maximum spending in health care and social care services. The UK makes the maximum payment for nursing staffs, by providing work for almost 101nurses per 10,000people (Kumarasamy and Sanfilippo, 2015). The UK and the US have close cultural and historical ties, but in the context of health care, both these countries are considerably different. As they greatly differ from each other, both the countries can learn from one another to build up better sy stems and policies and thus develop health care service to their citizens. This paper will compare and contrast between the UK healthcare system and the US healthcare system. This paper will include organizational analysis, quality of individual system and funding (BBC News, 2015). The statements will be supported by proper evidence ad examples. The aim of this article is to identify the opportunities, advantages from relative strengths and correct or avoid limitations inherent in individual system. Body The UK health care system The Department of Health is said to be a government body accountable for the National Health Service in England. The objectives of The Department of Health involve overall improvement and wellbeing of the residents of England (Hollnagel, Braithwaite and Wears, 2013). This is accomplished by supporting, guiding and leading the National Health Service and the organizations associated with social care, to give high quality health services and to give options to the care consumers and importance to taxpayers. The US health care system The US health care services can be either private or either public. Public health care included a role of the government or the public. The government and public agencies offer health care in disease prevention, health promotion, reporting, communicable disease monitoring and control of the environmental factors, like: water and air quality and also public health data analysis. The UK funding An NHS care consumer when uses an NHS service, like: acute care trust, PCT etc, they use so without any cost. It is vital to note that the subsystems of NHS and associated providers obtain compensation for taking care of the NHS patients and the compensation is not obtained directly from the patients during treatment. NHS compensation is supported by general taxation. The NHS is made up of government employees, hence the provider compensation is generally in the form of bonus or salary and funding is depend on contract between the NHS and the provider (Head et al., 2014). It was estimated that there was 8.3% of total GDP expenditure was used on healthcare and public expenditure was 14.5% (Nhs.uk, 2015). This data represented that few occurrences are present where public do make a payment toward purchasing health care services and products. Few NHS services are not free. The health department enforces flat charges to NHS patients, for certain products, like optical, dental and pharmac eutical services and products. The US funding Many parties and entities are involved in sponsoring the US health care system. Almost 44% of health care GDP is paid out by the public or government funds and hence, almost, 56% of GDP associated with health care is paid out by private parties. Current data shows that health care expenses have reached almost US $2.8 trillion in the year 2011 (Dorsey, 2010). Due to this increase, it is vital for the US health care managers and US public to recognize how this care set up is funded to contribute to the clarification of this constantly rising problem. According to Hussey et al. (2004) one of the most special characteristic features of the US health care industry is its reliance on agency associations that is when individual party operates in support of another (Hussey et al., 2004). For example: a health insurance company works as a mediator for its member while dealing out compensations for health services. Third party payers give reimbursement for health care facility, whether its an employer group, a public plan or others. They pay for their members. The two agencies that are responsible for compensating for the healthcare services offered by the US are the patients and organizations. Conclusion Though the health care associated funding in the UK is controlled by the government and funding in the US is controlled by public and private agencies, both are only made achievable by public contribution. The basic differences are government involvement level and voluntary contribution versus mandatory taxation. The UK offers access to the health care services to all using an equally run health care delivery system to the United States, whereas, the US is facing economical burden. Hence, the US has significantly failed in offering Americans with reasonable healthcare services and instruction on the effect this has on the financial system. So, ultimately it can be recommended that the US health care system is more effective. References BBC News, (2015).NHS satisfaction 'risen significantly'. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/health-31018004 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015]. Dorsey, E. (2010). Funding of US Biomedical Research, 2003-2008.JAMA, 303(2), p.137. Head, M., Fitchett, J., Holmes, A. and Atun, R. (2014). Funding healthcare-associated infection research: a systematic analysis of UK research investments, 19972010.Journal of Hospital Infection, 87(2), pp.84-91. Hollnagel, E., Braithwaite, J. and Wears, R. (2013).Resilient health care. Farnham, Surrey, UK England: Ashgate. Hussey, P., Anderson, G., Osborn, R., Feek, C., McLaughlin, V., Millar, J. and Epstein, A. (2004). How Does The Quality Of Care Compare In Five Countries?.Health Affairs, 23(3), pp.89-99. Kumarasamy, M. and Sanfilippo, F. (2015). Breaking down silos: engaging students to help fix the US health care system.Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, p.101. McCarthy, M. (2014). Health system report ranks UK first, US last.BMJ, 348(jun17 25), pp.g4080-g4080. Nhs.uk, (2015).What is NHS continuing healthcare? - Health questions - NHS Choices. [online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2392.aspx?CategoryID=68 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015].

Advantage and Disadvantage of Facebook

An Inspector Calls Essay Example

An Inspector Calls Essay Example An Inspector Calls Essay An Inspector Calls Essay Essay Topic: Literature An Inspector Calls is a murder mystery written in the form of a play set in 1912 and is written by J. B. Priestly. It revolves around one family of a high social status the Birlings. The play begins with the family celebrating the engagement of their daughter, Sheila, to a man called Gerald Croft. Their celebration is interrupted by a call from an Inspector, making inquiries about a young girl called Eva Smith who has just died from swallowing a large amount of disinfectant. The Inspector then begins to question each member of the family to uncover their part in Evas death. Priestly uses each character, including the Inspector, to teach the audience very important life lessons both individual and collective responsibility. An Inspector Calls has been called a modern day morality play because Priestly uses his characters to represent the many different people in the world and tries to bring them all together in a family unit to teach them a very important lesson. The lessons learnt can be applied to everyones daily life, regardless of their status/situation and the lesson is one of moral values. This lesson is learnt through the Inspector and Priestly reinforces his main message through the layout and language of the play e. g. the dramatic irony, plain irony and varied characters making sure that everyone can identify to at least one and perhaps learn a lesson from them. Priestlys main theme of the play is that we are all responsible for each other and we all have to think about our actions and what effect they will have on others. This is shown mainly through the parts that each family member play in the death of Eva Smith. Although not entirely to blame, each family member in some way contributed to her death. Even Gerald, one who is not yet in this family, was entwined in a web of immoral behaviour and deceit. Priestly uses each member of the family to represent characters in society. It is in this way that he attempts to enforce the message of responsibility because one is able to identify with at least one character or see it from their point of view. He chooses a family of high social status to bring about another important theme high social status does not necessarily equal good moral and ethical values. The Birlings represent one such family. Mr Birling is used to represent an upper class head of the family, whose main philosophy on life is that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself. The very fact that Birling believes one must look after himself is in complete contrast with the theme of the play collective responsibility. Priestly uses this contrast to teach Birling a lesson and to show the audience how wrong he is which will in turn prove the latter theory. Birling is also particularly preoccupied with social status. He is very conscious of the fact that people have an opinion of him and his family and that social status equals respect within the community. Any threat to his and his familys reputation must be quickly dealt with and covered up. This is shown clearly from his statement Ive got to cover this up as soon as I can in reference to the fact that it has emerged that his son, Eric, has stolen a considerable amount of money form his account. This is also in some way connected to another one of Priestlys themes social status does not equal good morals Eric stealing money, especially from his father. Also, when it is revealed that Mrs Birling too played a part in Evas part, a part that was cruel and malicious, Mr Birling does not seem to even acknowledge what she did was wrong in the slightest. His only words on the matter are, when this comes out at the inquest it isnt going to do us much good. The Press might easily take it up The part in which Birling played in Evas death is the fact that, after a dispute over wages (Eva and various other girls working in the factory wanted a small yet significant pay rise), Birling fired her leaving her penniless and homeless. Birling refuses to accept any responsibility in Evas death because he is not able to see how his firing her could in any way cause her death. The Inspector answers with the following, What happened to her then may have determined what happened to her afterwards, and what happened to her afterwards may have driven her to suicide. A chain of events. This statement sums up all of the familys involvement in her death they were all responsible in part and all contributed to her suicide. Upon hearing this Birling adds some more philosophy Still I cant accept responsibility. If we were all responsible for everything that happened to everybody wed had anything to do with, it would be very awkward. The last part of his philosophy, it would be very awkward wouldnt it, shows that not only can he not see how he contributed to her death (evident from the whole of his speech) but he finds it quite difficult to take responsibility for anything. He is simply not bothered in what happens to others. This shows how difficult it has become for him to accept those of lower status than himself (he thinks of Eva as just another girl who comes under the heading of cheap labour whom he is able to exploit). Even after the rest of the family is questioned and it becomes clear that his sacking of Eva did play, however small, some part in her death, he is unable to accept responsibility. The Inspector later questions Sheila and it emerges that she too played a part in Evas death. After two months of desperation, without work and unable to buy food or pay for accommodation, Eva changed her name to Daisy Renton and managed to acquire a position in a shop called Millwards. Her run of bad luck did not end here. She then got fired from this shop because Sheila got her fired. Sheila was shopping with her mother in Millwards where Daisy worked and, against the advice of her mother and the assistant, tried on a dress, which did not suit her. Sheila thought that she caught sight of the assistant and Daisy smiling at each other in the mirror as if to say doesnt she look awful. Sheila was very embarrassed by this but what made it worse was the fact that when Eva held the dress up to herself it suited her very well. Sheila also says she was very pretty too with big dark eyes which didnt make it any better. This proves that Sheila was very jealous of Daisy, and in her rage she went to tell the manager that if they didnt get rid of the girl, Id never go near the place again and Id persuade mother to close the account with them. Daisy therefore lost her job on account of Sheilas jealousy and anger. This is an example used by Priestly to demonstrate another theme. He is beginning to show that people who are of higher social status, e. g. the Birlings, are far more influential than those of a lower social class but this is not necessarily a good thing. Sheila used her high status to get Eva fired but Eva did not deserve it. The Inspector comments on this with the statement, You used the power you had, as the daughter of as good customer and a man well known in the town, to punish this girl just because she made you feel like that. Sheila later concedes and feels extremely guilty about the fact that she did indeed contribute to Evas death. Erics character is used by Priestly to show that people of a high social status do not necessarily have the correct morals. Erics part in Evas death is in some ways more prominent than either Sheilas or Mr Birlings. After being fired from Millwards, Eva, with no other choice, seemingly acquired the position as a prostitute. When it is mentioned later, in the presence of Mrs Birling, that Alderman Heggarty, someone who is thought of as being of high social class was seen at the Palace Bar, Mrs Birling is very shocked perhaps suggesting that it is not a very respectable place so why would a seemingly respectable man be seen there? Eric refers to Eva as not being the usual sort with reference to the people that went to the Palace Bar. He says that he supposes she didnt know what else to do, implying already that Eva was in such a desperate situation possibly caused by Mr Birling, Sheila and Gerald. Eric is considerably drunk at the bar (something which were learn from Sheila is not uncommon) and later that evening, after buying her several drinks, sleeps with Eva. He returns to the Palace Bar on another occasion and again sleeps with Eva. He refers to her as a good sport but not someone whom he truly cared for. He treated Eva as an object. Eva later found out that she was pregnant and told Eric about it. Eric proposed marriage but Eva refused on the grounds that she knew that Eric did not really care for here. Eva had no job and did not know what she was going to do. Eric insisted on giving her money, which he stole from his father, and eventually Eva refused to take anymore after she found out it was stolen. They never saw each other again. Eric is used also as a contrast with Eva. Priestly depicts two people, both from different backgrounds and of very different social status, and both with very different morals. One expects the person from a high social status to have very good morals and to be an upstanding citizen. It is in fact the opposite in this situation. Eric gets drunk a lot and frequents places, which are deemed inappropriate to those of high social status (see Mrs Birlings comment above). He presumably sleeps with many women whom he does not care about and, although his intentions were good, steals from his father. Eva on the other hand, someone of a low social status, is the one who has the better morals. As soon as she finds out that Eric stole the money she refuses to take anymore. Unlike many girls in her situation she tries to make the best of her lot, she tries to get help. This proves that you cant trust what is on the surface and it proves Priestlys idea that status does not equal morals. Eva seeks help from the Brumley Womens Charity Organisation, a charity set up to help the unemployed, homeless or ill. Money was given to deserving causes. Mrs Birling is the chair of the charity. Charities such as the BWCO had to be set up because at that time in Britain (1912) people had no Welfare State to rely on as they do today. Theses charities were the only help available. Mrs Birling was approached by Eva who asked her for help because she was homeless, penniless and pregnant. Mrs Birling refused. She was annoyed at Evas refusal to tell the name of the father (who happened to be Mrs Birlings son, Eric) and at her gross impertinence which was quite deliberate. Eva called herself Mrs Birling. Mrs Birling admits that it was her influence that got Evas case refused. Mrs Birling simply did not like her impertinence or manner. She says that she is not ashamed of her behaviour and does not feel that she has done anything wrong. This is surely not true as she hid the fact that she knew Eva and only admitting knowing her after much pressure from Sheila. Mrs Birling is used to again show that people of a high social status do not necessarily have the correct morals, and like, Sheila, used her influence to get Evas case refused. Although they both contributed to Evas death in similar ways, Sheila is quick to admit she is wrong and feels extremely guilty whereas Mrs Birling feels absolutely no compassion or remorse. She states, she was claiming elaborate fine feelings and scruples that were simply absurd in a girl in her positions and I dont suppose for a moment that we can understand why the girl committed suicide. Girl of that class Both the endings of these two statements show that Mrs Birling has absolutely no compassion and is simply not bothered with those of a lower class. When asked by the Inspector who she blamed, she says not only the girl but also the father. Mrs Birling is very naive and acts quite idiotically as she implicates Eric. Sheila and the Inspector both realise this, clear from where Sheila begs her mother to stop. Mrs Birling does not realise that by the way she is talking she is getting her son into more and more trouble. This is one of various occasions where Priestly uses dramatic irony. We, the audience, realise the full impact of Mrs Birlings speech and how she is unknowingly convicting her own son. Dramatic Impact is used at the end of Mrs Birlings speech, at the end of Act Two, which ends with Eric entering the house and both the Inspector and Sheila, as well as Mrs Birling, looking apprehensively towards the door as Sheila begs her mother to keep quiet. Later on, after the departure of the inspector, Mrs Birling claims that she was not fooled by the inspector and did not succumb to his ability to draw out information, which is a blatant lie. The Birlings son, Eric, is used by Priestly to show two main themes of An Inspector Calls. Eric shows, through sleeping with Eva because she was a good sport and through stealing money, that people of a high social class do not necessarily have the better morals. We can also see from the different morals of Eva and Eric she not accepting stolen money that a lower social class does not equal worse morals and visa versa (according to Mrs Birling and public opinion Eva have worse morals) and Eva has in fact got better morals than Eric! It also shows how dysfunctional the Birling family actually is: a family with such a high social status and an abundance of wealth does not equal good family life. Mr and Mrs Birling were totally oblivious to Erics drinking problem as well as his social exploits. Eric could not even go to his father for help in his time of trouble. When Mr Birling asks him why he did not come to him for help he replies, Because youre not the kind of father a chap could go to when hes in trouble thats why. He also says to his mother, You dont understand anything. You never did. You never even tried. Priestly uses dramatic tension in this part of the play to show just how separate the family is. We even see Mrs Birling displaying some signs of distress, something quite unusual for her. Eric, nearly at breaking point, accuses Mrs Birling of killing Eva and killing her own grandchild. Mrs Birling cannot bear to hear this and tells Eric, in her desperation, that she did not know, she didnt understand. This is perhaps why towards the end of the play we can see a clear divide between the children and the parents. Mr and Mrs Birling have a problem facing up to their responsibility and cannot bear to hear they were wrong. This can be seen from the way in which Mr and Mrs Birling try to silence Eric and especially Sheila when they talk about assigning blame and guilt. Eric is used in conjunction with Sheila to show a further theme of the play how opinions of the young and old can also be incorrect. After the inspector leaves, the audience is left to see who will actually take heed of his warnings and listen to his very important message. It is, in fact, Eric and Sheila, not Mr and Mrs Birling who learn a lesson. They are shocked at their parents blatant disregard of the blame for Evas death. Immediately after the departure of the Inspector, Eric has an argument with his parents. Mr Birling is furious with Eric because he has caused a public scandal and therefore most probably ruined his chances of a knighthood. He is not annoyed with Eric over his treatment of Eva; after all that has gone on his social status is still his main priority. Eric replies by saying that the knighthood is not important and that he too is ashamed of his parents. Mr Birling says that there is every excuse for what both your mother and I did. Sheila cannot believe this response. She intervenes and says that she knows she behaved badly and she is ashamed of it but now her parents are acting as if nothing has happened. This shows Sheilas maturity and her willingness to learn from what occurred. It is quite clear that neither Mr nor Mrs Birling has taken a lesson from what has gone on. In fact Mr Birling says nothing muc h has happened. How can he not realise that he was to blame in some way for Evas death and see that it is his jaded outlook on life that has caused it? This not only shows the moral difference between the children and the parents but a distinct difference between young and old. It would normally have been thought that the older generation would learn more and not the children but this shows it is the opposite and that perhaps hope for the future rests on the younger generation. The Inspector is one of the most important characters in the play, with regards to conveying the message of both individual and collective responsibility. His role is to examine what really goes on behind the apparent respectability of the middle/high class prosperity; behind the fai de they are uncaring and corrupt. The Inspector can be seen as either a figment of the familys imagination, perhaps a culmination of all of their fears combined (social disgrace, the assignation of blame), hence the name Goole a play on the word ghoul, meaning ghost or phantom. He is there to test their conscience, or as someone, who although is not a real inspector, is there to show them that they are acting in an irresponsible and immoral way. Either way, the inspector is able to cunningly entice all of the information from the other characters, which is necessary to implicate them in the death of Eva Smith. From the moment the Inspector entered the Birling house the atmosphere changed he creates an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness he speaks carefully, weightily, and has a disconcerting habit of looking hard at the person he addressed before actually speaking. The Inspector is used by Priestly to represent the voice of conscience in us all. He strikes the Birlings individually and is also connected with the mystery of time recurrence Time present and time past are both perhaps present in time future and time future contained in past. This quote by T. S Eliot is prominent in the play itself and is demonstrated by the Inspector who shows that all of our actions whether in the past or in present time in some way help to shape our future or in fact our present. The actions of all of the Birling family, actions which took place in the past time, have now contributed to their future the Inspector coming, the possible realisation that they have done something wrong, the social implications. The Inspector has as much of an impact on the audience as he does on the Birlings themselves. This is especially with regards to his final speech before he leaves the Birlings. He has just shown each character that they were in some way to blame for the death of Eva Smith and now, before leaving, makes a final speech, which incorporates all of the lessons they should have learnt. In his speech the Inspector mentions each of the characters in turn, redefining their role in the death. He seems to be less harsh towards Sheila perhaps because of her evident shame and despair at what she has done. The last part of the Inspectors final speech is formidable and forbidding. A lot of repetition is used to reinforce the message that we are all responsible for each other regardless of social class/status. He says quite clearly that although one Eva Smith has gone there are millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths left with us, with their lives, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of happiness, all intertwined with our lives, and what we think and say and do. We dont live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson, they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. This last sentence is in reference to First World War, which Priestly experienced. The Inspectors message is a symbol of the general need for society to avoid being too satisfied and unaware of other peoples hardships and to act against future disaster e. g. WW1, brought on by arrogance, greed and indifference towards others. After this dramatic speech, perhaps the most dramatic in the play, the Inspector leaves the Birling house. The audience are left with a sense of fear and realisation at what the Inspector has just said and also with suspense to see whether the characters have learnt their lesson. It is clear immediately after the Inspector leaves that Mr and Mrs Birling have missed the whole point of the Inspectors visit. They are still preoccupied with social status: Mr Birling comments to Eric that theyll be a public scandal. Sheila is quick to assign blame to herself showing that she has taken on board what the Inspector has said. Eric launches into an attack on both his parents saying that they are as much to blame as anyone, and he too is ashamed of his own behaviour. Soon there is heated tension this heated tension within the household that shows both a clear divide between parents and children, perhaps the difference between young and old and the ability to accept change and that they have done something wrong. It also shows that with all of the revelations everything has changed relationships have been turned upside down and the children feel that it is not necessary to show such a great respect for their parents anymore. Instead of focusing on the tragedy, they blame each other. Although the children do accept what they have done wrong, the tendency to assign blame shows that they have not fully understood what needs to be changed. This is especially prominent with Eric.

Natural Sci 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Natural Sci 3 - Essay Example Finally, it will present a conclusion based on the data gathered and present recommendations for people who will try this test in the future. More often than not, people avoid cockroaches or try to kill or repel them, mainly because they carry disease and germs, and the fact that many people either find cockroaches disgusting, or are afraid of them. This is why these people spend money on insecticides, repellants, exterminators and other chemicals and gadgets for the purpose of getting rid of cockroaches. As commonly known, cockroaches are attracted to food, and are often found in dark confined places of the home. These cockroaches that we see are actually only a small percentage of the actual number of cockroaches in your home. According to an article by extension.umn.edu, â€Å"Cockroaches are nocturnal, hiding during the day and becoming active at night. The number of cockroaches people see is usually a small percentage of a much larger population.† And this means that ther e are definitely more cockroaches in your home than you expect. ... It will break down the pre-experiment and post-experiment information as such: Project design plan Problem Statement Relevance of the study Review of related literature Experimental design Dependent, independent and controlled variables Threat reduction to internal validity Hypothesis Post-experiment data analysis Data collection method Graphs and charts of the data collected Interpretation of results from the data collection Conclusions and recommendations Project design plan Problem Statement The problem that this paper aims to test is if the pandan plant is effective in repelling cockroaches from food. This paper aims to test the effectiveness of an all-natural, inexpensive, low-maintenance and non-toxic alternative for repelling insects. This paper will use a scientific style of experimentation in order to determine if the pandan plant is effective at repelling cockroaches. Relevance of the study This study aims to test the effectiveness of the pandan plant in order to determine if it can be used as a good alternative for electronic or chemical insecticides or repellents. This study is significant to several people and groups such as: Homes and families If proven, this natural alternative can help homes and families reduce the number of cockroaches in their home without having to spend so much money and avoid the danger of chemical repellants. This also gives families the ability to secure their food and rooms from cockroaches and the germs they bring using a low-maintenance method. Schools This gives schools the opportunity to keep their students secure and safe from the disease brought by roaches and keep their facilities from being infested by the roaches using a natural and low-maintenance